Published articles should be corrected or otherwise updated when material information affecting accuracy, interpretation, provenance or integrity is identified.
Corrections
A correction may be appropriate when an error is material to the published record but does not invalidate the central findings. The notice should describe what changed and link clearly to the affected article.
Retractions
Retraction may be considered when findings are unreliable, publication is seriously compromised by misconduct or major error, unethical research is identified, or other circumstances make continued reliance on the article inappropriate.
Expressions of concern
An expression of concern may be used when serious questions remain unresolved and readers should be alerted while further assessment is underway.
Transparency
Post-publication notices should be clearly labeled, dated, permanently linked to the article and written to explain the reason for the action without unnecessary defamatory or speculative language.